Mysterious forces may be a reliable trope in science fiction, but in reality, physicists have long agreed that all interactions between objects evidently arise from just four fundamental forces. Yet ...

Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) has emerged as a powerful approach to probe the mechanics, kinetics and energetics of individual biomolecules as they undergo folding, binding and chemical ...

Today, the universe as we know it is governed by four fundamental forces: the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, electromagnetism, and gravity. However, these four forces aren’t exactly as ...